How To Make Exterior Window Sill

Opening to admit light or air

Various examples of windows

A window is an opening in a wall, door, roof, or vehicle that allows the exchange of light and may also permit the passage of sound and sometimes air. Modern windows are commonly glazed or covered in another transparent or translucent fabric, a sash gear up in a frame^[i] in the opening; the sash and frame are likewise referred to as a window.^[2] Many glazed windows may be opened, to allow ventilation, or airtight, to exclude choppy weather. Windows may have a latch or similar mechanism to lock the window shut or to concord it open up by various amounts.

In addition to this, many modern twenty-four hour period windows may take a window screen or mesh, often made of aluminum or fibreglass, to keep bugs out when the window is opened.

Types include the eyebrow window, fixed windows, hexagonal windows, single-hung, and double-hung sash windows, horizontal sliding sash windows, casement windows, awning windows, hopper windows, tilt, and slide windows (often door-sized), tilt and plow windows, transom windows, sidelight windows, jalousie or louvered windows, clerestory windows, lancet windows, skylights, roof windows, roof lanterns, bay windows, oriel windows, thermal, or Diocletian, windows, picture windows, Rose windows, emergency leave windows, stained glass windows, French windows, panel windows, double/triple-paned windows, and witch windows.

The Romans were the outset known to use glass for windows, a technology likely start produced in Roman Arab republic of egypt, in Alexandria c. 100 Advertisement. Paper windows were economic and widely used in ancient China, Korea, and Japan. In England, glass became common in the windows of ordinary homes only in the early 17th century whereas windows made up of panes of flattened animal horn were used every bit early as the 14th century. In the 19th century American west, greased paper windows came to exist used by itinerant groups. Modern-style flooring-to-ceiling windows became possible merely after the industrial plate glass making processes were fully perfected.

Etymology [edit]

The English language-word window originates from the Quondam Norse vindauga , from vindr 'wind' and auga 'eye'.^[3] In Norwegian, Nynorsk, and Icelandic, the Old Norse form has survived to this 24-hour interval (in Icelandic merely as a less used word for a type of pocket-sized open up "window", non strictly a synonym for gluggi , the Icelandic word for 'window'^[4]). In Swedish, the word vindöga remains as a term for a hole through the roof of a hut, and in the Danish language vindue and Norwegian Bokmål vindu , the straight link to center is lost, just as for window. The Danish (but non the Bokmål ) word is pronounced fairly similarly to window.

Window is first recorded in the early 13th century, and originally referred to an unglazed hole in a roof. Window replaced the Old English eagþyrl , which literally ways 'heart-hole', and eagduru 'center-door'. Many Germanic languages, however, adopted the Latin word fenestra to depict a window with glass, such every bit standard Swedish fönster , or German Fenster . The use of window in English is probably considering of the Scandinavian influence on the English by ways of loanwords during the Viking Age. In English, the word fenester was used as a parallel until the mid-18th century. Fenestration is still used to depict the arrangement of windows inside a façade, too equally defenestration, meaning 'to throw out of a window'.

History [edit]

Alabaster "mullion"-divided decorative windows in Santa Maria La Major church (Morella, Spain)

Alabaster window in the Valencia Cathedral. Annotation the asymmetrical, slanted left side of the wall-frame, which lets dominicus rays reach the chancel

In the 13th century BC, the primeval windows were unglazed openings in a roof to admit light during the day. Later,^{[ when? ]} windows were covered with creature hibernate, cloth, or forest. Shutters that could be opened and closed came next.^{[ when? ]} Over time, windows were built that both protected the inhabitants from the elements and transmitted lite, using multiple small-scale pieces of translucent material, such as flattened pieces of translucent brute horn, thin slices of marble, for example, fengite, or pieces of glass, set in frameworks of wood, atomic number 26 or lead. In the Far East, newspaper was used to fill up windows.^[1] The Romans were the first known to employ glass for windows, a technology probable offset produced in Roman Egypt. Namely, in Alexandria ca. 100 AD cast glass windows, albeit with poor optical properties, began to announced, but these were pocket-sized thick productions, piffling more than than blown drinking glass jars (cylindrical shapes) flattened out into sheets with circular striation patterns throughout. It would exist over a millennium before a window glass became transparent plenty to see through clearly, as we think of information technology at present.

Over the centuries techniques were adult to shear through one side of a blown glass cylinder and produce thinner rectangular window panes from the same amount of glass material. This gave rise to tall narrow windows, usually separated past a vertical back up called a mullion. Mullioned glass windows were the windows of choice amongst European well-to-practice, whereas paper windows were economical and widely used in ancient Red china, Korea, and Japan. In England, glass became common in the windows of ordinary homes only in the early 17th century whereas windows made up of panes of flattened animal horn were used as early on as the 14th century.^[5]

Modern-manner floor-to-ceiling windows became possible only after the industrial plate glass making processes were perfected. Mod windows are unremarkably filled with glass, although a few are transparent plastic.^[1]

Brusque visual history of windows

Fragment of a Roman window glass plate dated to 1st to quaternary century AD. Notation the obvious curvature; this is not a flat pane
Gothic Revival window of a house on Strada Jean-Louis Calderon (Bucharest)
19th century Eclectic Classicist windows on Rue Molitor (Paris)
Beaux-Arts window of the Stroescu House on Strada Dianei (Bucharest)
Postmodern windows of the Cité de la musique (Paris)
Very high windows in the entrance to a residential building in Ystad.

Types [edit]

Cross [edit]

A cross-window is a rectangular window usually divided into four lights by a mullion and transom that course a Latin cantankerous.^[six]

Countenance [edit]

The term eyebrow window is used in 2 ways: a curved acme window in a wall or an eyebrow dormer; and a row of pocket-size windows commonly under the front eaves such as the James-Lorah House in Pennsylvania.^[7]

Fixed [edit]

A fixed window is a window that cannot be opened,^[eight] whose function is limited to allowing lite to enter (unlike an unfixed window, which can open up and close). Clerestory windows in church architecture are often stock-still. Transom windows may exist stock-still or operable. This type of window is used in situations where calorie-free or vision alone is needed every bit no ventilation is possible in such windows without the employ of trickle vents or overglass vents.

Unmarried-hung sash [edit]

A single-hung sash window is a window that has one sash that is movable (usually the bottom 1) and the other fixed. This is the before grade of sliding sash window and is also cheaper.^[1]

Double-hung sash [edit]

A sash window is the traditional mode of window in the United Kingdom, and many other places that were formerly colonized past the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, with 2 parts (sashes) that overlap slightly and slide upward and down inside the frame. The two parts are not necessarily the same size; where the upper sash is smaller (shorter) it is termed a cottage window. Currently, most new double-hung sash windows use spring balances to support the sashes, only traditionally, counterweights held in boxes on either side of the window were used. These were and are attached to the sashes using pulleys of either braided cord or, later, purpose-fabricated concatenation. Three types of spring balances are called a record or clock leap balance; channel or block-and-tackle rest, and a spiral or tube residue.

Double-hung sash windows were traditionally oft fitted with shutters. Sash windows can be fitted with simplex hinges that let the window be locked into hinges on one side, while the rope on the other side is detached—and then the window tin be opened for fire escape or cleaning.

Foldup [edit]

Foldup window (inward swinging), cantankerous-section side view

A foldup has two equal sashes similar to a standard double-hung but folds upward allowing air to laissez passer through nearly the full-frame opening. The window is balanced using either springs or counterbalances, like to a double-hung. The sashes can be either first to simulate a double-hung, or in-line. The inline versions tin can be made to fold in or outward. The inward swinging foldup windows tin have fixed screens, while the outward swinging ones crave movable screens. The windows are typically used for screen rooms, kitchen pass-throughs, or egress.

Horizontal sliding sash [edit]

A horizontal sliding sash window has two or more sashes that overlap slightly but slide horizontally within the frame. In the UK, these are sometimes called Yorkshire sash windows, presumably considering of their traditional use in that county.

Casement [edit]

A casement window is a window with a hinged sash that swings in or out like a door comprising either a side-hung, top-hung (too called "canopy window"; meet below), or occasionally bottom-hung sash or a combination of these types, sometimes with fixed panels on i or more than sides of the sash.^[2] In the Us, these are normally opened using a crank, only in parts of Europe, they tend to utilise projection friction stays and espagnolette locking. Formerly, plain hinges were used with a casement stay. Handing applies to casement windows to determine direction of swing; a casement window may exist left-handed, right-handed, or double. The casement window is the dominant type at present found in mod buildings in the UK and many other parts of Europe.

Awning [edit]

An awning window is a casement window that is hung horizontally, hinged on top, so that it swings outward similar an canopy. In addition to existence used independently, they tin can exist stacked, several in i opening, or combined with fixed drinking glass. They are particularly useful for ventilation.^[9]

Hopper [edit]

A hopper window is a bottom-pivoting casement window that opens by tilting vertically, typically to the within, resembling a hopper chute.^[ten]

Pivot [edit]

A pivot window is a window hung on one swivel on each of two opposite sides which allows the window to revolve when opened. The hinges may be mounted top and bottom (Vertically Pivoted) or at each jamb (Horizontally Pivoted). The window volition usually open initially to a restricted position for ventilation and, once released, fully opposite and lock again for safe cleaning from inside. Modernistic pivot hinges contain a friction device to hold the window open confronting its weight and may have brake and reversed locking built-in. In the UK, where this blazon of window is most common, they were extensively installed in loftier-rise social housing.

Tilt and slide [edit]

A tilt and slide window is a window (more than usually a door-sized window) where the sash tilts inwards at the top similar to a hopper window then slides horizontally backside the stock-still pane.

Tilt and turn [edit]

A tilt and turn window can both tilt inwards at the top or open inward from hinges at the side. This is the nearly mutual type of window in Federal republic of germany, its country of origin. It is also widespread in many other European countries. In Europe, it is usual for these to exist of the "turn first" blazon. i.e. when the handle is turned to xc degrees the window opens in the side hung mode. With the handle turned to 180 degrees the window opens in bottom hung way. Most usually in the Uk the windows will be "tilt first" i.due east. bottom hung at 90 degrees for ventilation and side hung at 180 degrees for cleaning the outer face of the glass from within the building.^[11]

Transom [edit]

A window to a higher place a door; in an exterior door the transom window is often fixed, in an interior door, it can open either past hinges at top or bottom, or rotate on hinges. It provided ventilation before forced air heating and cooling. A fan-shaped transom is known as a fanlight, peculiarly in the British Isles.

Side low-cal [edit]

Windows beside a door or window are called side-, wing-, margen-lights, and flanking windows.^[12]

Jalousie window [edit]

Also known as a louvered window, the jalousie window consists of parallel slats of glass or acrylic that open and close like a Venetian bullheaded, usually using a creepo or a lever. They are used extensively in tropical architecture. A jalousie door is a door with a jalousie window.

Clerestory [edit]

A clerestory window is a window set in a roof structure or high in a wall, used for daylighting.

Skylight [edit]

A skylight is a window built into a roof structure.^[13] This type of window allows for natural daylight and moonlight.

Roof [edit]

A sloped window used for daylighting, built into a roof structure. It is one of the few windows that could be used as an leave. Larger roof windows run across building codes for emergency evacuation.

Roof lantern [edit]

A roof lantern is a multi-paned glass construction, resembling a small-scale building, built on a roof for mean solar day or moon lite. Sometimes includes an boosted clerestory. May as well exist called a cupola.

Bay [edit]

A bay window is a multi-console window, with at least three panels ready at unlike angles to create a protrusion from the wall line.^[ii]

Oriel [edit]

This form of bay window nigh often appears in Tudor-style houses and monasteries. It projects from the wall and does not extend to the footing. Originally a class of porch, they are frequently supported by brackets or corbels.

Thermal [edit]

Thermal, or Diocletian, windows are large semicircular windows (or niches) which are normally divided into 3 lights (window compartments) past two mullions. The cardinal compartment is frequently wider than the two side lights on either side of it.

Picture [edit]

A picture window is a large fixed window in a wall, typically without glazing bars, or glazed with simply perfunctory glazing bars (muntins) well-nigh the edge of the window. Picture windows provide an unimpeded view, as if framing a flick.^[xiv]

Multi-light [edit]

A multi-low-cal window is a window glazed with small panes of glass separated by wooden or pb glazing confined, or muntins, arranged in a decorative glazing pattern often dictated by the building'southward architectural manner. Due to the historic unavailability of large panes of drinking glass, the multi-lit (or lattice window) was the most common window style until the first of the 20th century, and is still used in traditional architecture.

Emergency exit/egress [edit]

An emergency get out window is a window big enough and low plenty so that occupants can escape through the opening in an emergency, such as a burn. In many countries, exact specifications for emergency windows in bedrooms are given in many building codes. Specifications for such windows may also allow for the entrance of emergency rescuers. Vehicles, such equally buses, aircraft, and trains frequently have emergency exit windows besides.^[15]

Stained glass [edit]

A stained glass window is a window composed of pieces of colored glass, transparent, translucent or opaque, frequently portraying persons or scenes. Typically the glass in these windows is separated past lead glazing bars. Stained glass windows were popular in Victorian houses and some Wrightian houses, and are especially common in churches.^[xvi]

French [edit]

A "French window" (two French doors on an exterior wall hinged to open outward together without a mullion separating them) at the Embassy of France in Lisbon, early 20th century.

A French door^[17] has 2 rows of upright rectangular glass panes (lights) extending its full length; and two of these doors on an exterior wall and without a mullion separating them, that open outward with opposing hinges to a terrace or porch, are referred to as a French window.^[18] Sometimes these are fix in pairs or multiples thereof along the exterior wall of a very large room, just often, 1 French window is placed centrally in a typically sized room, perhaps amongst other stock-still windows flanking the feature. French windows are known as porte-fenêtre in France and portafinestra in Italia, and frequently are used in modern houses.

Double-paned [edit]

Double Panel windows also sometimes chosen dual pane windows, are windows that have two panes of drinking glass inset into the frame of the window. The panes of glass are separated, creating an insulating air pocket that inhibits heat transfer much better than single pane windows

Double-paned windows have two parallel panes (slabs of glass) with a separation of typically most 1 cm; this space is permanently sealed and filled at the fourth dimension of manufacture with dry air or other dry out nonreactive gas. Such windows provide a marked improvement in thermal insulation (and usually in acoustic insulation as well) and are resistant to fogging and frosting caused past temperature differential. They are widely used for residential and commercial construction in intemperate climates. In the United kingdom, double-paned and triple-paned are referred to every bit double-glazing and triple-glazing. Triple-paned windows are now a common type of glazing in cardinal to northern Europe. Quadruple glazing is now being introduced in Scandinavia.

Hexagonal window [edit]

A hexagonal window is a hexagon-shaped window, resembling a bee cell or crystal lattice of graphite. The window tin be vertically or horizontally oriented, openable or expressionless. It tin also be regular or elongately-shaped and can accept a separator (mullion). Typically, the cellular window is used for an attic or as a decorative feature, only it tin also exist a major architectural chemical element to provide the natural lighting inside buildings.

Guillotine window [edit]

A guillotine window is a window that opens vertically. The guillotine windows are opening from bottom to top or from top to bottom with more than ane sliding frames. The remote control tin can be used to open and close guillotine windows.

Terms [edit]

EN 12519 is the European standard that describes windows terms officially used in European union Fellow member States. The main terms are:

Light, or Lite, is the area between the outer parts of a window (transom, sill and jambs), usually filled with a glass pane. Multiple panes are divided by mullions when load-bearing, muntins when non.^[xix]
Lattice light is a compound window pane madeup of small pieces of glass held together in a lattice.
Fixed window is a unit of one non-moving lite. The terms unmarried-light, double-light, etc., refer to the number of these drinking glass panes in a window.
Sash unit is a window consisting of at least i sliding glass component, typically composed of ii lites (known every bit a double-light).
Replacement window in the United States means a framed window designed to slip inside the original window frame from the within afterward the erstwhile sashes are removed. In Europe, information technology usually means a complete window including a replacement outer frame.
New construction window, in the Usa, ways a window with a nailing fin that is inserted into a rough opening from the outside before applying siding and inside trim. A nailing fin is a projection on the outer frame of the window in the aforementioned airplane every bit the glazing, which overlaps the prepared opening, and can thus exist 'nailed' into place.

In the United kingdom and mainland Europe, windows in new-build houses are usually fixed with long screws into expanding plastic plugs in the brickwork. A gap of upward to xiii mm is left around all four sides, and filled with expanding polyurethane foam. This makes the window fixing weatherproof only allows for expansion due to oestrus.

Lintel is a axle over the elevation of a window, also known every bit a transom.
Window sill is the bottom slice in a window frame. Window sills slant outward to drain water away from the inside of the edifice.
Secondary glazing is an additional frame applied to the inside of an existing frame, commonly used on protected or listed buildings to achieve higher levels of thermal and sound insulation without compromising the wait of the building
Decorative millwork is the moulding, cornices and lintels oft decorating the surrounding edges of the window.

Labeling [edit]

The The states NFRC Window Characterization lists the following terms:

Thermal transmittance (U-factor), best values are around U-0.fifteen (equal to 0.8 Due west/m2/One thousand)
Solar rut gain coefficient (SHGC), ratio of solar heat (infrared) passing through the glass to incident solar heat
Visible transmittance (VT), ratio of transmitted visible lite divided past incident visible lite
Air leakage (AL), measured in cubic human foot per minute per linear foot of cleft between sash and frame
Condensation resistance (CR), measured betwixt 1 and 100 (the higher the number, the college the resistance of the formation of condensation)^[20]

The European harmonised standard hEN 14351–one, which deals with doors and windows, defines 23 characteristics (divided into essential and not essential). 2 other, preliminary European Norms that are under development deal with internal pedestrian doors (prEN 14351–2), smoke and fire resisting doors, and openable windows (prEN 16034).^[21]

Structure [edit]

5-sleeping accommodation plastic window profile

Windows can be a significant source of heat transfer.^[22] Therefore, insulated glazing units consist of ii or more than panes to reduce the transfer of heat.

Grids or muntins [edit]

These are the pieces of framing that separate a larger window into smaller panes. In older windows, large panes of glass were quite expensive, so muntins let smaller panes fill a larger space. In modern windows, light-colored muntins all the same provide a useful function by reflecting some of the light going through the window, making the window itself a source of diffuse light (instead of simply the surfaces and objects illuminated within the room). By increasing the indirect illumination of surfaces well-nigh the window, muntins tend to burnish the area immediately around a window and reduce the dissimilarity of shadows within the room.

Frame and sash structure [edit]

Frames and sashes can exist made of the following materials:

Material	Thermal resistance	Durability	Maintenance	Toll	Recycled content	Comment
Woods	very adept	variable	low	average	high	a well-maintained wood window congenital earlier 1950 can final 50–100 years^[23] ^[24]
uPVC ("vinyl")	very good	very good^[i]	very low	average	very low	has a life span of 25–50 years in boilerplate^[24]
Aluminum	very good^[ii]	expert	very depression	low	typically > 95%	mostly thermally cleaved by a thermal insulation profile
Composites	very skillful	good	very low	high	high	used in modern buildings
Steel	medium	superior	very depression	high	> 98%	typically welded at corner joints
Fiberglass	very good	very good^[i]	very low	high	medium

^ ^a ^b PVC and fiberglass frames perform well in accelerated weathering tests. Because PVC is not as strong equally other materials, some PVC frames are reinforced with metal or blended materials to meliorate their structural strength.
^ Mod aluminium window frames are typically separated past a thermal break made of a glass fibre reinforced polyamide. With a 34 mm thermal insulation profile information technology is possible to attain Uf= 1.3 Westward/m2K for a metal window. This greatly increases thermal resistance, while retaining virtually all of the structural strength.

Composites (besides known as Hybrid Windows) are kickoff since early on 1998 and combine materials like aluminium + pvc or woods to obtain aesthetics of one material with the functional benefits of another.

A typical installation of insulated glazing windows with uPVC window frames.

A special class of PVC window frames, uPVC window frames, became widespread since the tardily 20th century, particularly in Europe: there were 83.5 meg installed by 1998^[25] with numbers still growing equally of 2012.^[26]

Glazing and filling [edit]

Low-emissivity coated panes reduce heat transfer by radiation, which, depending on which surface is coated, helps prevent heat loss (in cold climates) or oestrus gains (in warm climates).

High thermal resistance can be obtained by evacuating or filling the insulated glazing units with gases such as argon or krypton, which reduces conductive heat transfer due to their low thermal conductivity. Performance of such units depends on good window seals and meticulous frame construction to forbid entry of air and loss of efficiency.

Modern double-pane and triple-pane windows often include 1 or more low-e coatings to reduce the window's U-gene (its insulation value, specifically its rate of heat loss). In general, soft-glaze low-e coatings tend to result in a lower solar oestrus gain coefficient (SHGC) than hard-coat low-due east coatings.

Mod windows are normally glazed with ane large sheet of glass per sash, while windows in the past were glazed with multiple panes separated by glazing bars, or muntins, due to the unavailability of big sheets of glass. Today, glazing bars tend to be decorative, separating windows into pocket-size panes of glass even though larger panes of glass are available, generally in a design dictated by the architectural style at use. Glazing bars are typically wooden, just occasionally lead glazing confined soldered in identify are used for more than intricate glazing patterns.

Other structure details [edit]

Many windows have movable window coverings such every bit blinds or curtains to continue out light, provide additional insulation, or ensure privacy. Windows allow natural light to enter, only too much tin have negative furnishings such as glare and estrus gain. Additionally, while windows permit the user meet exterior, there must be a way to maintain privacy on in the inside.^[27] Window coverings are applied accommodations for these issues.

Impact of the sun [edit]

Sun incidence bending [edit]

Historically, windows are designed with surfaces parallel to vertical building walls. Such a design allows considerable solar light and estrus penetration due to the most ordinarily occurring incidence of dominicus angles. In passive solar building design, an extended eave is typically used to control the amount of solar calorie-free and rut inbound the window(s).

An alternative method is to summate an optimum window mounting angle that accounts for summer lord's day load minimization, with consideration of actual latitude of the building. This procedure has been implemented, for example, in the Dakin Building in Brisbane, California—in which most of the fenestration is designed to reflect summer oestrus load and help foreclose summer interior over-illumination and glare, by canting windows to nearly a 45 caste angle.

Solar window [edit]

Photovoltaic windows not only provide a articulate view and illuminate rooms, but likewise convert sunlight to electricity for the building.^[28] In most cases, translucent photovoltaic cells are used.

Passive solar [edit]

Passive solar windows permit low-cal and solar energy into a edifice while minimizing air leakage and heat loss. Properly positioning these windows in relation to sun, wind, and landscape—while properly shading them to limit excess heat gain in summer and shoulder seasons, and providing thermal mass to absorb free energy during the day and release it when temperatures cool at night—increases comfort and energy efficiency. Properly designed in climates with adequate solar gain, these can even be a building'due south principal heating system.

Coverings [edit]

A window roofing is a shade or screen that provides multiple functions. Some coverings, such as drapes and blinds provide occupants with privacy. Some window coverings control solar heat gain and glare. There are external shading devices and internal shading devices.^[29] Low-e window moving picture is a depression-cost alternative to window replacement to transform existing poorly-insulating windows into energy-efficient windows. For loftier-ascent buildings, smart glass tin provide an alternative.

See too [edit]

Airflow window
Demerara window
Display window
Fenestration testing laboratory
Fortochka
Glass mullion system
Greased paper window
Insulated glazing
Porthole
Rose window
Window tax
Window treatment
Witch window

References [edit]

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^ ^a ^b ^c "Window". The Free Lexicon By Farlex. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
^ "New Oxford American Dictionary". 2010.
^ "Hvaðan kemur orðið gluggi? Af hverju notum við ekki vindauga samanber window?". Vísindavefurinn (in Icelandic). Retrieved September 17, 2018.
^ Langley, Andrew (2011). Medieval Life. Eyewitness. Dorling Kindersley. p. sixteen. ISBN978-i-4053-4545-3.
^ Curl, James Stevens (2006). Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Compages, 2nd ed., OUP, Oxford and New York, p. 214. ISBN 978-0-19-860678-9.
^ Harris, Cyril M.. American compages: an illustrated encyclopedia. New York: W.Westward. Norton, 1998. Print.
^ NKBA (National Kitchen and Bathroom Association) (October 29, 2013). Kitchen & Bath Residential Structure and Systems. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9781118711040.
^ Nielson, Karla J. (September 15, 1989). Window Treatments. John Wiley & Sons. p. 45. ISBN0471289469.
^ Allen, Edward; Thallon, Rob (2011). Fundamentals of Residential Construction (3 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 654. ISBN978-0-470-54083-one.
^ "Will Tilt-and-Plow Windows Gain Market Share in Due north America? | Window & Door". Windowanddoor.com. March 29, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
^ Curlicue, James Stevens. "Flanking window". A dictionary of architecture and landscape architecture. 2nd ed. Oxford England: Oxford Academy Printing, 2006. 285. Print.
^ Sarviel, Ed (1993). Construction Estimating Reference Information. Craftsman Volume Company. ISBN9780934041843.
^ "Picture window". The Complimentary Dictionary Past Farlex. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
^ "U.S. Dept. of Transportation: Safety data for bus/motorcoach passengers" (PDF) . Retrieved Feb eleven, 2012.
^ "Stained glass". The Costless Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
^ French Door, The Merriam-Webster Lexicon, access date July 4, 2017
^ French window, The Merriam-Webster Dictionary, access date July iv, 2017
^ Brett, Peter (2004). Carpentry and Joinery (2, illustrated ed.). Nelson Thornes. p. 255. ISBN9780748785025.
^ Windows and Heat Loss, NFRC Heat Loss Fact Sheet
^ "CPR guideline" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on Nov 6, 2013. Retrieved Feb xiii, 2013.
^ Carmody, J., Selkowitz, S., Lee, E. S., Arasteh, D., & Willmert, T. (2004). Window Systems for High-Functioning Buildings. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
^ "Saving Windows, Saving Money: Evaluating the Energy Performance of Window Retrofit and Replacement". Resource Library - National Trust for Historic Preservation. National Trust for Historic Preservation. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Peterson Wasielewski, Shannon. "Windows: Energy Efficiency Facts and Myths" (PDF). Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation . Retrieved March 31, 2020.
^ Pritchard, Geoffrey (1999). Novel and Traditional Fillers for Plastics: Applied science and Marketplace Developments. iSmithers Rapra Publishing. p. 95. ISBN9781859571835.
^ "Global Vinyl Windows Market to Achieve 163 One thousand thousand Units past 2017, According to a New Written report by Global Manufacture Analysts, Inc". PRWeb. April eighteen, 2012. Retrieved Feb 11, 2012.
^ Howell, Sandra C. (1976). Designing for the Elderly; Windows. Massachusetts Establish of Technology. Department of Compages. Design Evaluation Project.
^ "MIT opens new 'window' on solar energy". Web.mit.edu. July 10, 2008. Retrieved Feb xi, 2012.
^ Beckett, H. East., & Godfrey, J. A. (1974). Windows: Performance, design and installation. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.

External links [edit]

Look up window in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Windows.

Roman Drinking glass from Metropolitan Museum of Art

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window

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